Female Lineages/mtDNA - Siberia [ Top
]
Four Key Female Lineages Charted:
Genetic lineages A, B, C and D
-- based on studies of mitochondrial DNA -- are found in Native Americans and selected
Asians including the Chukchi. Chart further explained.
mtDNA
Diversity in Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos: Implications for the Genetic History of Ancient
Beringia and the Peopling of the New World
>Yelena B. Starikovskaya, Am. Journal of
Human Genetics., 63:1473-1491, 1998
Diversity
and Age of the Four Major mtDNA Haplogroups, and their Implications for the Peopling of
the New World
>Sandro L. Bonatto, et al., Am. Journal of
Human Genetics, 61:1413-1423, 1997
mtDNA
variation of aboriginal Siberians reveals distinct genetic affinities with Native
Americans: Migration from Siberia to Americas 17,000-34,000 bp
>A. Torroni et al., American
Journal of Human Genetics, 53(3):591-608, 1993
Aleut
mtDNA - Distinctive Pattern: Aleuts sampled were 71% D and 29%
A, unique among all Native Americans with such high percentage of the D lineage. Study
also found genetic links among Aleuts, Chukchi and Siberian Eskimo.
>Rohina Rubicz, University of Kansas
Kennewick Man - First Americans -
Ancient Beringian Populations: Ancient people of Beringia expanded as
Eskimo, Na-Dena with mtDNA lineage A
Koryaks of Kamchatka have three of four mtDNAs seen in northern Asians, Native Americans (A, C,
D), but most Koryak mtDNAs in lineages G and X. Group G is uncommon
in Reindeer Chukchi, rare in Coast Chukchi.
>Rem I. Sukernik et al., Institute of Cytology and
Genetics
Mitochondrial
Variation in Human Evolution: Central Asian mtDNA lineages moved to
Northeast Asia, then North America, several times. "Modified haplogroup A mtDNAs
migrated from the Chukotka pennisula about 9,000 YBP to yield the Na-Dene of northwest
North America. More recent movements of haplogroups A and D resulted in the Eskimos
and Aleuts."
>Douglas C. Wallace, UCalifornia Irvine, 3rd International Meeting on
SNP
mtDNA
Variation among Greenland Eskimos: The Edge of the Beringian Expansion: Siberian and Greenland ancestral mtDNA
is related
>Juliette Saillard, et al., American
Journal of Human Genetics, 67:718-726, 2000
Siberian
population of the New Stone age: mtDNA haplotype diversity in the
ancient population from Ust'-Ida burial ground, dated 4020-3210 BC by 14C
>O.Y. Naumova et al., Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow,
Russia
Male Lineages/Y Chromosomes - Siberia [ Top ]
Dual
Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes
Siberian Y chromosomes fall in two major groups,
with 57% belonging to haplogroups delineated by the ancient M89 polymorphism
>J.T. Lell, et. al., American Journal of
Human Genetics, 70:192-206, 2002
Theodore Schurr Explains
the Dual Origin Theory: A co-author of the above paper clarifies the
ideas in the paper, explains haplotypes, haplogroups, lineages.
Y
Chromosome Haplotypes Reveal Distinct Migration Patterns in Siberia and the Americas
(abstract)
>J.T. Lell, et. al., American Society of Human Genetics, 1999
Y
Chromosome polymorphisms in Native American and Siberian populations: identification of
Native American Y chromosome haplotypes
>J.T. Lell, et. al., Human Genetics, 100:536-5431997
Ancestral
Asian Source(s) of New World Y Chromosome Founder Haplotypes: one or more migrations from Lake Baikal region envisioned
>T.M. Karafet, American
Journal of Human Genetics, 64:817-831, 1999
The
Central Siberian Origin for Native American Y Chromosomes
>F. Santos et. al., American Journal of
Human Genetics, 64:619-628, 1999
The Eurasian
Heartland: A continental perspective Y chromosome diversity
(PDF): haplotype frequencies
including M45, M173 and M17
>R. Spencer Wells et al., PNAS, Vol. 98 No. 18, August 28,
2001
Y
Chromosome DNA Change 242: This genetic variant suggests a date of
18,000 years ago for first migration into the Americas, with the M3 variant showing the
link even today between Northeast Siberian and Alaskan native men. And more on this
mutation or change, M242,
that arose after M45 but
before M3 [PDF]
Use
of Y Chromosome Variation to Study Populations and their Migrations:
DYS199 C=>T found in Native Americans, also
Chukchi, Siberian Eskimo
>Sue Malcolm, Editor, Clinical Molecular Genetics
Society, 2001
Genetic
history of native Siberians as recorded in their mitochondrial and nuclear DNA's:
M9/M3 and M9/Tat-C found in Chukchi, Siberian Eskimo
>J. Klein, S. Kurbatskaya, A. Torroni, R. Sukernik, INTAS. 1997
Tat-C
Variant of Y Chromosome in Finno-Ugric Speaking People [PDF]
>M. Raitio et. al., Genome Research, 11:471-482, 2001
Tat-C Lineage: Resources on the Y-chromosome lineage that originated in
Central Asia and spread to the north with male migrations over the last 4000 years,
including percentages of this lineage in 26 Eurasian peoples including Chukchi
The Genetic Legacy of
Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: a Y Chromosome Perspective
>Ornella Semino et al., Science, Vol. 290,
November 10, 2000
A
synopsis of the entire European Y-chromosome bialletic haplotype
spectrum (abstract): key markers M9, M17, M26, M35, M170, M172, M173
>G. Passarino, O. Semino, A.S. Santachiara Benerecetti, L.L. Cavalli
Sforza, P.A. Underhill, American Society of Human Genetics, 1999
The phylogeography of Y
chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations [PDF]
>P.A. Underhill et al., Annals of Human Genetics,
65:43-62, 2001
African Origin of
Modern Humans in East Asia: A Tale of 12,000 Y Chromosomes [PDF]:
includes Chukchi, Koryak, Siberian Eskimo
>Yuehei Ke et al., Science, Vol. 292, May 11, 2001
.
2009
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